Post by Admin on Jun 12, 2016 9:23:42 GMT
We already saw a few IC's like Demultiplexers,etc in the earlier lessons.
But those are not the only IC's that we use in our everyday lives.I'm sure u've all seen how the DIGITAL gates(AND/OR/NOT/XOR and their compliments)work in ur +2.
Time to use those in real lives.And we'll go through some more IC's like 3x8 decoders and universal Shift registers(Everything is super cheap in the market,no worries)
-->>GATES:
Imagine using analog inputs from various sensors like fire/smoke/light/etc and generating outputs accordingly.Now what if u want outputs with conditions,like Output-1(ALARM) should only be active when ANALOG/DIGITAL INPUT 1 and 2,both are high.
This is the type of condition where we find gates helpful.This was just a simple example,u can make much more complicated designs with them.
In the above example,u need an AND gate for getting the output high i.e. only when both the input conditions are met.
PS.Since arduino works on codes,most of the simple examples can be dealt with just codes (libraries/without any IC's).But this lesson is just to give u a brief understanding of how the designs in real life actually work and codes/few 12-13 pins on your microcontoller aren't enough to tackle your everyday problems which can be very much complicated(from digital clocks to controlling elevators/ALARMS,etc)
This is what your regular IC's available in the market look like:(The no.'s on IC's are pin no.'s)
IC-7408(Quad dual input AND Gates):
IC-7486(Quad dual input XOR GATES):
(Similarly,u can find IC's for other GATES)
-->>SHIFT REGISTERS & DECODERS:
-->>Shift Registers:(for left shift/right shift of binary data mostly and serial data to paralle/vice versa conversion in some cases too)
The Shift Register is a type of sequential logic circuit that can be used for the storage or the transfer of data in the form of binary numbers. This sequential device loads the data present on its inputs and then moves or “shifts” it to its output once every clock cycle, hence the name “shift register”.
A shift register basically consists of several single bit “D-Type Data Latches”(Google LATCHES), one for each data bit, either a logic “0” or a “1”, connected together in a serial type daisy-chain arrangement so that the output from one data latch becomes the input of the next latch and so on.
Data bits may be fed in or out of a shift register serially, that is one after the other from either the left or the right direction, or all together at the same time in a parallel configuration.
The number of individual data latches required to make up a single Shift Register device is usually determined by the number of bits to be stored with the most common being 8-bits (one byte) wide constructed from eight individual data latches.
Shift Registers are used for data storage or for the movement of data and are therefore commonly used inside calculators or computers to store data such as two binary numbers before they are added together, or to convert the data from either a serial to parallel or parallel to serial format. The individual data latches that make up a single shift register are all driven by a common clock ( Clk ) signal making them synchronous devices.
Shift register IC’s are generally provided with a clear or reset connection so that they can be “SET” or “RESET” as required. Generally, shift registers operate in one of four different modes with the basic movement of data through a shift register being:
• Serial-in to Parallel-out (SIPO) - the register is loaded with serial data, one bit at a time, with the stored data being available at the output in parallel form.
• Serial-in to Serial-out (SISO) - the data is shifted serially “IN” and “OUT” of the register, one bit at a time in either a left or right direction under clock control.
• Parallel-in to Serial-out (PISO) - the parallel data is loaded into the register simultaneously and is shifted out of the register serially one bit at a time under clock control.
• Parallel-in to Parallel-out (PIPO) - the parallel data is loaded simultaneously into the register, and transferred together to their respective outputs by the same clock pulse.
-->>3x8 Decoder:(There can be more types of decoders like 2x4,1x2,4x16 i.e any form of n x [2 to the power n],2 coz of only two possible states[high-1 or low-0]
The decoder is an electronic device that is used to convert digital signal to an analogue(not analog) signal. It allows single input line and produces multiple output lines. The decoders are used in many communication projects that are used to communicate between two devices. The decoder allows N- inputs and generates 2 power N-numbers of outputs. For example, if we give 2 inputs that will produce 4 outputs by using 4 by 2 decoder.
This type of decoder contains two inputs: A0, A1, A2; and four outputs represented by D0, D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, and D7. For example, an input will activate the line A0, A1, A3 as 01 at the input has activated line D1, and so on.
Decoder IC's available in the market are actually low-active(0 is the active output,not 1), resulting from a certain inputs combination, that is;
D0 =A2 A1 A0, which corresponds to input 000
D1 = A2 A1 A0, which corresponds to input 001
D2 = A2 A1 A0, which corresponds to input 010
D3 = A2 A1 A0, which corresponds to input 011
D4 = A2 A1 A0, which corresponds to input 100
D5 = A2 A1 A0, which corresponds to input 101
D6 = A2 A1 A0, which corresponds to input 110
D7 = A2 A1 A0, which corresponds to input 111
-->>Hope u got the rough idea of the theory,if not Google is always there to help.
Time to do a practice question:
Design a universal shift-register code and then using the serial binary input of 1100110011001100.........:(do without the IC/u can vary the binary input and experiment)
A)convert serial binary input to parallel and generate output on four LED's.
B)Left Shift/Right shift the data by 1 bit after every delay(give appropriate delays to monitor the serial output/use clock on one of the LED's to help keep a track of clock cycles).
But those are not the only IC's that we use in our everyday lives.I'm sure u've all seen how the DIGITAL gates(AND/OR/NOT/XOR and their compliments)work in ur +2.
Time to use those in real lives.And we'll go through some more IC's like 3x8 decoders and universal Shift registers(Everything is super cheap in the market,no worries)
-->>GATES:
Imagine using analog inputs from various sensors like fire/smoke/light/etc and generating outputs accordingly.Now what if u want outputs with conditions,like Output-1(ALARM) should only be active when ANALOG/DIGITAL INPUT 1 and 2,both are high.
This is the type of condition where we find gates helpful.This was just a simple example,u can make much more complicated designs with them.
In the above example,u need an AND gate for getting the output high i.e. only when both the input conditions are met.
PS.Since arduino works on codes,most of the simple examples can be dealt with just codes (libraries/without any IC's).But this lesson is just to give u a brief understanding of how the designs in real life actually work and codes/few 12-13 pins on your microcontoller aren't enough to tackle your everyday problems which can be very much complicated(from digital clocks to controlling elevators/ALARMS,etc)
This is what your regular IC's available in the market look like:(The no.'s on IC's are pin no.'s)
IC-7408(Quad dual input AND Gates):
IC-7486(Quad dual input XOR GATES):
(Similarly,u can find IC's for other GATES)
-->>SHIFT REGISTERS & DECODERS:
-->>Shift Registers:(for left shift/right shift of binary data mostly and serial data to paralle/vice versa conversion in some cases too)
The Shift Register is a type of sequential logic circuit that can be used for the storage or the transfer of data in the form of binary numbers. This sequential device loads the data present on its inputs and then moves or “shifts” it to its output once every clock cycle, hence the name “shift register”.
A shift register basically consists of several single bit “D-Type Data Latches”(Google LATCHES), one for each data bit, either a logic “0” or a “1”, connected together in a serial type daisy-chain arrangement so that the output from one data latch becomes the input of the next latch and so on.
Data bits may be fed in or out of a shift register serially, that is one after the other from either the left or the right direction, or all together at the same time in a parallel configuration.
The number of individual data latches required to make up a single Shift Register device is usually determined by the number of bits to be stored with the most common being 8-bits (one byte) wide constructed from eight individual data latches.
Shift Registers are used for data storage or for the movement of data and are therefore commonly used inside calculators or computers to store data such as two binary numbers before they are added together, or to convert the data from either a serial to parallel or parallel to serial format. The individual data latches that make up a single shift register are all driven by a common clock ( Clk ) signal making them synchronous devices.
Shift register IC’s are generally provided with a clear or reset connection so that they can be “SET” or “RESET” as required. Generally, shift registers operate in one of four different modes with the basic movement of data through a shift register being:
• Serial-in to Parallel-out (SIPO) - the register is loaded with serial data, one bit at a time, with the stored data being available at the output in parallel form.
• Serial-in to Serial-out (SISO) - the data is shifted serially “IN” and “OUT” of the register, one bit at a time in either a left or right direction under clock control.
• Parallel-in to Serial-out (PISO) - the parallel data is loaded into the register simultaneously and is shifted out of the register serially one bit at a time under clock control.
• Parallel-in to Parallel-out (PIPO) - the parallel data is loaded simultaneously into the register, and transferred together to their respective outputs by the same clock pulse.
-->>3x8 Decoder:(There can be more types of decoders like 2x4,1x2,4x16 i.e any form of n x [2 to the power n],2 coz of only two possible states[high-1 or low-0]
The decoder is an electronic device that is used to convert digital signal to an analogue(not analog) signal. It allows single input line and produces multiple output lines. The decoders are used in many communication projects that are used to communicate between two devices. The decoder allows N- inputs and generates 2 power N-numbers of outputs. For example, if we give 2 inputs that will produce 4 outputs by using 4 by 2 decoder.
This type of decoder contains two inputs: A0, A1, A2; and four outputs represented by D0, D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, and D7. For example, an input will activate the line A0, A1, A3 as 01 at the input has activated line D1, and so on.
Decoder IC's available in the market are actually low-active(0 is the active output,not 1), resulting from a certain inputs combination, that is;
D0 =A2 A1 A0, which corresponds to input 000
D1 = A2 A1 A0, which corresponds to input 001
D2 = A2 A1 A0, which corresponds to input 010
D3 = A2 A1 A0, which corresponds to input 011
D4 = A2 A1 A0, which corresponds to input 100
D5 = A2 A1 A0, which corresponds to input 101
D6 = A2 A1 A0, which corresponds to input 110
D7 = A2 A1 A0, which corresponds to input 111
-->>Hope u got the rough idea of the theory,if not Google is always there to help.
Time to do a practice question:
Design a universal shift-register code and then using the serial binary input of 1100110011001100.........:(do without the IC/u can vary the binary input and experiment)
A)convert serial binary input to parallel and generate output on four LED's.
B)Left Shift/Right shift the data by 1 bit after every delay(give appropriate delays to monitor the serial output/use clock on one of the LED's to help keep a track of clock cycles).